7.1 双单向链表

3 分钟阅读

原文链接: https://rust-unofficial.github.io/too-many-lists/infinity-double-single.html

我们在双向链表上挣扎，是因为所有权语义纠缠不清：没有哪个节点严格「拥有」另一个节点。但我们之所以挣扎，是因为带着对链表是什么的成见——默认所有链接都朝同一方向。

不如把链表劈成两半：一半向左，一半向右：

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// lib.rs
// ...
pub mod silly1;     // 新增！

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// silly1.rs
use crate::second::List as Stack;

struct List<T> {
    left: Stack<T>,
    right: Stack<T>,
}

现在不再只是安全的栈，而是通用链表。可以从任一端 push 向左或向右增长；也可以从一端 pop、推到另一端来「走」链表。为避免多余分配，复制安全 Stack 的源码以访问其私有细节：

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pub struct Stack<T> {
    head: Link<T>,
}

type Link<T> = Option<Box<Node<T>>>;

struct Node<T> {
    elem: T,
    next: Link<T>,
}

impl<T> Stack<T> {
    pub fn new() -> Self {
        Stack { head: None }
    }

    pub fn push(&mut self, elem: T) {
        let new_node = Box::new(Node {
            elem: elem,
            next: self.head.take(),
        });

        self.head = Some(new_node);
    }

    pub fn pop(&mut self) -> Option<T> {
        self.head.take().map(|node| {
            let node = *node;
            self.head = node.next;
            node.elem
        })
    }

    pub fn peek(&self) -> Option<&T> {
        self.head.as_ref().map(|node| {
            &node.elem
        })
    }

    pub fn peek_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {
        self.head.as_mut().map(|node| {
            &mut node.elem
        })
    }
}

impl<T> Drop for Stack<T> {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        let mut cur_link = self.head.take();
        while let Some(mut boxed_node) = cur_link {
            cur_link = boxed_node.next.take();
        }
    }
}

稍微改一下 push 和 pop：

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pub fn push(&mut self, elem: T) {
    let new_node = Box::new(Node {
        elem: elem,
        next: None,
    });

    self.push_node(new_node);
}

fn push_node(&mut self, mut node: Box<Node<T>>) {
    node.next = self.head.take();
    self.head = Some(node);
}

pub fn pop(&mut self) -> Option<T> {
    self.pop_node().map(|node| {
        node.elem
    })
}

fn pop_node(&mut self) -> Option<Box<Node<T>>> {
    self.head.take().map(|mut node| {
        self.head = node.next.take();
        node
    })
}

现在可以写 List 了：

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pub struct List<T> {
    left: Stack<T>,
    right: Stack<T>,
}

impl<T> List<T> {
    fn new() -> Self {
        List { left: Stack::new(), right: Stack::new() }
    }
}

常规操作：

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pub fn push_left(&mut self, elem: T) { self.left.push(elem) }
pub fn push_right(&mut self, elem: T) { self.right.push(elem) }
pub fn pop_left(&mut self) -> Option<T> { self.left.pop() }
pub fn pop_right(&mut self) -> Option<T> { self.right.pop() }
pub fn peek_left(&self) -> Option<&T> { self.left.peek() }
pub fn peek_right(&self) -> Option<&T> { self.right.peek() }
pub fn peek_left_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> { self.left.peek_mut() }
pub fn peek_right_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> { self.right.peek_mut() }

最有趣的是可以四处走：

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pub fn go_left(&mut self) -> bool {
    self.left.pop_node().map(|node| {
        self.right.push_node(node);
    }).is_some()
}

pub fn go_right(&mut self) -> bool {
    self.right.pop_node().map(|node| {
        self.left.push_node(node);
    }).is_some()
}

返回 bool 只是方便表示是否真的移动了。来测一下：

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#[cfg(test)]
mod test {
    use super::List;

    #[test]
    fn walk_aboot() {
        let mut list = List::new();             // [_]

        list.push_left(0);                      // [0,_]
        list.push_right(1);                     // [0, _, 1]
        assert_eq!(list.peek_left(), Some(&0));
        assert_eq!(list.peek_right(), Some(&1));

        list.push_left(2);                      // [0, 2, _, 1]
        list.push_left(3);                      // [0, 2, 3, _, 1]
        list.push_right(4);                     // [0, 2, 3, _, 4, 1]

        while list.go_left() {}                 // [_, 0, 2, 3, 4, 1]

        assert_eq!(list.pop_left(), None);
        assert_eq!(list.pop_right(), Some(0));  // [_, 2, 3, 4, 1]
        assert_eq!(list.pop_right(), Some(2));  // [_, 3, 4, 1]

        list.push_left(5);                      // [5, _, 3, 4, 1]
        assert_eq!(list.pop_right(), Some(3));  // [5, _, 4, 1]
        assert_eq!(list.pop_left(), Some(5));   // [_, 4, 1]
        assert_eq!(list.pop_right(), Some(4));  // [_, 1]
        assert_eq!(list.pop_right(), Some(1));  // [_]

        assert_eq!(list.pop_right(), None);
        assert_eq!(list.pop_left(), None);

    }
}

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> cargo test

     Running target/debug/lists-5c71138492ad4b4a

running 16 tests
test fifth::test::into_iter ... ok
test fifth::test::basics ... ok
test fifth::test::iter ... ok
test fifth::test::iter_mut ... ok
test fourth::test::into_iter ... ok
test fourth::test::basics ... ok
test fourth::test::peek ... ok
test first::test::basics ... ok
test second::test::into_iter ... ok
test second::test::basics ... ok
test second::test::iter ... ok
test second::test::iter_mut ... ok
test third::test::basics ... ok
test third::test::iter ... ok
test second::test::peek ... ok
test silly1::test::walk_aboot ... ok

test result: ok. 16 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured

这是finger 数据结构的极端例子：在结构里维护某种「手指」，因此能在与手指距离成正比的时间内支持位置上的操作。

在手指附近改链表很快；要改远处就得一路走过去。可以永久移过去（把元素从一个栈挪到另一个），或临时沿链接用 &mut 走过去改。但 &mut 不能沿链表往回走，而手指可以！

最后修改 August 23, 2026: 更新 (499855b16)