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# hello.py
print("你好，世界！我是最普通的 Python 脚本！")
# 运行：python hello.py
# 输出：你好，世界！我是最普通的 Python 脚本！

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python hello.py

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# 打开注册表...（好吧，这太复杂了，我们不推荐）

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@echo off
python "%~dp0hello.py"
pause

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# myproject/main.py
def run():
    print("模块运行成功！")

if __name__ == "__main__":
    run()

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cd myproject
python -m main

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python -m myproject.main

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# myapp/__main__.py
print("包直接运行成功！来自 __main__.py 的问候！")

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python -m myapp
# 输出：包直接运行成功！来自 __main__.py 的问候！

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python -c "print('我不需要文件也能运行！')"
# 输出：我不需要文件也能运行！

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python -c "import math; print(math.sqrt(16))"
# 输出：4.0

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python -c "
import random
for i in range(5):
    print(random.randint(1, 100))
"
# 输出（每次都不一样）：
# 42
# 87
# 23
# 91
# 15

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# test_i.py
name = "小明"
age = 18
print(f"我是{name}，今年{age}岁")

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python -i test_i.py
# 输出：我是小明，今年18岁
# 然后你会看到 >>> 提示符，可以继续输入：
# >>> print(name)
# 小明
# >>> age + 1
# 19

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#!/usr/bin/env python3
# 这是个使用 shebang 的脚本

print("Hello from shebang!")

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#!/usr/bin/python      # 直接指定 Python 路径（不推荐，不够灵活）
#!/usr/bin/env python3 # 灵活版，让系统自己去 PATH 里找 python3
#!/usr/bin/env python  # 找 python（可能指向 python2，慎用！）

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chmod +x hello.py    # 赋予执行权限
./hello.py           # 直接运行（不需要 python 前缀）

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python -B script.py

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python -v script.py

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python -W ignore script.py          # 忽略所有警告
python -W error script.py           # 把警告当错误处理
python -W default script.py         # 默认行为
python -W ignore::DeprecationWarning script.py  # 只忽略特定警告

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# greet.py
import sys

print(f"脚本自己叫：{sys.argv[0]}")           # 脚本名
print(f"参数列表是：{sys.argv[1:]}")           # 所有参数
print(f"第一个参数是：{sys.argv[1] if len(sys.argv) > 1 else '没有！'}")

# 用循环打印每个参数
for i, arg in enumerate(sys.argv):
    print(f"  argv[{i}] = {arg}")

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python greet.py Alice 42 "Hello World"

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age = int(sys.argv[1])  # 字符串转整数

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# basic_argparse.py
import argparse

# 创建解析器
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="这是一个演示程序")

# 添加参数
parser.add_argument("name", help="你的名字")
parser.add_argument("--age", type=int, default=18, help="你的年龄（默认18）")
parser.add_argument("-v", "--verbose", action="store_true", help="显示详细信息")

# 解析参数
args = parser.parse_args()

print(f"你好，{args.name}！")
print(f"你{args.age}岁了。")
if args.verbose:
    print("（这是详细信息：程序运行成功！）")

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python basic_argparse.py --help

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python basic_argparse.py 小明 --age 20 -v

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# argument_demo.py
import argparse

parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="参数类型演示")

# 位置参数（必需）
parser.add_argument("filename", help="输入文件名")

# 带短选项的可选参数
parser.add_argument("-n", "--number", type=int, default=10, help="重复次数")

# 带限定选项的参数
parser.add_argument("-m", "--mode", choices=["easy", "normal", "hard"], default="normal", help="难度模式")

# 开关参数（不需要值，指定了就是 True）
parser.add_argument("-q", "--quiet", action="store_true", help="安静模式")

# 可变次数参数
parser.add_argument("files", nargs="*", help="多个文件")

args = parser.parse_args()

print(f"主文件：{args.filename}")
print(f"重复次数：{args.number}")
print(f"难度：{args.mode}")
print(f"安静模式：{args.quiet}")
print(f"其他文件：{args.files}")

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python argument_demo.py data.txt -n 5 --mode hard file2.txt file3.txt

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# mutex_demo.py
import argparse

parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="互斥组演示")

group = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group()
group.add_argument("-v", "--verbose", action="store_true", help="详细输出")
group.add_argument("-q", "--quiet", action="store_true", help="安静模式")

args = parser.parse_args()

if args.verbose:
    print("详细模式已开启")
elif args.quiet:
    print("安静模式已开启")
else:
    print("普通模式")

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python mutex_demo.py -v      # 详细模式已开启
python mutex_demo.py -q      # 安静模式已开启
python mutex_demo.py -v -q   # 错误：不能同时指定 -v 和 -q

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# subcommand_demo.py
import argparse

parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="文件处理工具")
subparsers = parser.add_subparsers(dest="command", help="子命令")

# 子命令：压缩
compress_parser = subparsers.add_parser("compress", help="压缩文件")
compress_parser.add_argument("input", help="输入文件")
compress_parser.add_argument("-o", "--output", default="output.zip", help="输出文件")

# 子命令：解压
extract_parser = subparsers.add_parser("extract", help="解压文件")
extract_parser.add_argument("file", help="压缩包")
extract_parser.add_argument("-d", "--dir", default=".", help="解压目录")

args = parser.parse_args()

if args.command == "compress":
    print(f"正在压缩 {args.input} -> {args.output}")
elif args.command == "extract":
    print(f"正在解压 {args.file} 到 {args.dir}")
else:
    parser.print_help()

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python subcommand_demo.py compress bigfile.txt -o myfile.zip
# 正在压缩 bigfile.txt -> myfile.zip

python subcommand_demo.py extract myfile.zip -d ./output
# 正在解压 myfile.zip 到 ./output

python subcommand_demo.py --help

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pip install click

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# click_demo.py
import click

@click.command()                    # 标记这是命令
@click.option("-n", "--name", default="世界", help="打招呼的对象")
@click.option("-c", "--count", default=1, type=int, help="重复次数")
def hello(name, count):
    """这是一个演示 Click 的简单程序"""
    for i in range(count):
        click.echo(f"你好，{name}！")  # click.echo 自动处理编码问题

if __name__ == "__main__":
    hello()

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python click_demo.py --help

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python click_demo.py -n 小明 -c 3

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# click_types.py
import click
import os

@click.command()
@click.argument("filename", type=click.Path(exists=True))      # 文件路径（可检查是否存在）
@click.argument("number", type=click.INT)                        # 整数
@click.argument("ratio", type=click.FLOAT)                      # 浮点数
@click.argument("mode", type=click.Choice(["A", "B", "C"]))      # 选择
def process(filename, number, ratio, mode):
    click.echo(f"文件：{filename}")
    click.echo(f"数字：{number} (类型：{type(number).__name__})")
    click.echo(f"比例：{ratio}")
    click.echo(f"模式：{mode}")

if __name__ == "__main__":
    process()

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# 假设当前目录有 test.txt
python click_types.py test.txt 42 3.14 A

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# click_commands.py
import click

@click.group()  # 创建命令组
def cli():
    """文件处理工具集"""
    pass

@cli.command()  # 添加子命令
@click.argument("filename")
def compress(filename):
    """压缩文件"""
    click.echo(f"正在压缩 {filename}...")

@cli.command()
@click.argument("filename")
def extract(filename):
    """解压文件"""
    click.echo(f"正在解压 {filename}...")

@cli.command()
@click.argument("filename")
def info(filename):
    """查看文件信息"""
    click.echo(f"文件信息：{filename}")

if __name__ == "__main__":
    cli()

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python click_commands.py --help

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python click_commands.py compress bigfile.zip
# 正在压缩 bigfile.zip...

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pip install typer

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# typer_demo.py
import typer

app = typer.Typer()

@app.command()
def greet(name: str = "世界", times: int = 1):
    """打招呼程序"""
    for _ in range(times):
        typer.echo(f"你好，{name}！")

if __name__ == "__main__":
    app()

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python typer_demo.py --help

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python typer_demo.py 小明 3

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# typer_completion.py
import typer

app = typer.Typer()

@app.command()
def run(name: str):
    typer.echo(f"运行 {name}...")

if __name__ == "__main__":
    app()

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# 生成 Bash 补全脚本
typer --install-completion typer_completion.py

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pip install fire

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# fire_demo.py
import fire

def greet(name="世界", times=1):
    """打招呼函数"""
    for i in range(times):
        print(f"你好，{name}！（第{i+1}次）")

def add(a=0, b=0):
    """加法函数"""
    return a + b

class Calculator:
    """计算器类"""
    def add(self, a, b):
        return a + b
    
    def multiply(self, a, b):
        return a * b

if __name__ == "__main__":
    fire.fire()

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# 直接运行模块
python fire_demo.py greet --name 小明 --times 3

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# 调用函数
python fire_demo.py add --a 10 --b 20
# 30

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# 使用类
python fire_demo.py Calculator.multiply --a 6 --b 7
# 42

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# 查看帮助
python fire_demo.py --help

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pip install pyinstaller

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# hello_packaged.py
import sys

def main():
    print("=" * 50)
    print("  🎉 恭喜！打包成功！")
    print("=" * 50)
    print(f"Python 版本：{sys.version}")
    print(f"当前平台：{sys.platform}")
    print("现在你可以把这个程序发给任何人了！")
    print("（只要他们的电脑能跑 Windows/Mac/Linux 就行）")

if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

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pyinstaller --onefile hello_packaged.py

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pyinstaller --onedir hello_packaged.py

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pyinstaller --onefile --icon=myapp.ico hello_packaged.py

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pyinstaller --onefile --hidden-import=sklearn hello.py

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pyinstaller --onefile \
    --hidden-import=numpy.core._multiarray_umath \
    --hidden-import=sklearn \
    --hidden-import=cv2 \
    hello.py

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# hello.spec
# -*- mode: python ; coding: utf-8 -*-

block_cipher = None

a = Analysis(
    ['hello_packaged.py'],           # 主脚本
    pathex=[],                        # 额外搜索路径
    binaries=[],                      # 二进制文件
    datas=[('assets/', 'assets/')],   # 附加数据文件
    hiddenimports=[],                 # 隐藏导入
    hookspath=[],                     # hook 路径
    hooksconfig={},
    runtime_hooks=[],
    excludes=[],                      # 排除的模块
    win_no_prefer_redirects=False,
    win_private_assemblies=False,
    cipher=block_cipher,
    noarchive=False,
)

pyz = PYZ(a.pure, a.zipped_data, cipher=block_cipher)

exe = EXE(
    pyz,
    a.scripts,
    a.binaries,
    a.zipfiles,
    a.datas,
    [],
    name='hello_packaged',            # 输出文件名
    debug=False,
    bootloader_ignore_signals=False,
    strip=False,
    upx=True,
    upx_exclude=[],
    runtime_tmpdir=None,
    console=True,                    # True=有黑窗口，False=无黑窗口（GUI程序）
    disable_windowed_traceback=False,
    argv_emulation=False,
    target_arch=None,
    codesign_identity=None,
    entitlements_file=None,
    icon='myapp.ico'                  # 图标
)

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pyinstaller hello.spec

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a = Analysis(
    ['hello.py'],
    datas=[
        ('./config.json', 'config/'),      # 把 config.json 放到 config/ 目录
        ('./images/*.png', 'images/'),       # 把所有 png 放到 images/ 目录
        ('./assets', 'assets'),              # 把整个 assets 目录放进去
    ],
    ...
)

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import sys
import os

# 获取资源文件路径（打包后也能正常工作）
def resource_path(relative_path):
    if getattr(sys, 'frozen', False):  # 打包后
        base_path = sys._MEIPASS
    else:  # 开发时
        base_path = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))
    return os.path.join(base_path, relative_path)

# 使用
config_path = resource_path('config/config.json')
with open(config_path, 'r') as f:
    config = f.read()

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a = Analysis(
    ['hello.py'],
    hiddenimports=[
        'numpy',
        'sklearn',
        'my_custom_module',
    ],
    ...
)

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# 加上 --console 和 --debug 重新打包，看具体错误
pyinstaller --console --debug=imports hello.py

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# 排除不需要的模块
pyinstaller --onefile --exclude-module tkinter hello.py

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python -m venv myenv
myenv\Scripts\activate
pip install pyinstaller
pip install your-package
pyinstaller --onefile hello.py

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pyinstaller --onefile --windowed hello.py
# 或
pyinstaller --onefile --noconsole hello.py

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pip install nuitka

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# 单文件模式
nuitka --standalone --onefile hello.py

# 输出：hello.exe

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# 启用所有优化
nuitka --standalone --onefile --optimize=3 hello.py

# --remove-output 完成后删除中间文件
# --lint 启用代码检查
# --python-flag=no_site 排除 site-packages（减小体积）

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# 指定使用 MSVC
nuitka --standalone --onefile --msvc=latest hello.py

# 指定使用 MinGW
nuitka --standalone --onefile --mingw64=on hello.py

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pip install cx_Freeze

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# setup.py
from cx_Freeze import setup, Executable

build_exe_options = {
    "packages": ["numpy", "pandas"],        # 要包含的包
    "excludes": ["tkinter"],                # 排除的包
    "include_files": [("config.json", "config.json")],  # 附加文件
}

setup(
    name="HelloApp",
    version="1.0",
    description="我的第一个打包应用",
    options={"build_exe": build_exe_options},
    executables=[
        Executable(
            "hello.py",
            base="Win32GUI",   # Windows 下设为 Win32GUI 就没有控制台窗口
            icon="myapp.ico",
            target_name="HelloApp.exe"
        )
    ]
)

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python setup.py build

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pip install briefcase

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# 创建项目
briefcase new
# 回答几个问题，项目就创建好了

# 打包
briefcase build windows    # Windows
briefcase build macOS      # macOS
briefcase build linux      # Linux

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# setup.py
from setuptools import setup, find_packages

setup(
    name="mypackage",                    # 包名（PyPI 上的名字）
    version="1.0.0",                     # 版本号
    author="张三",                        # 作者
    author_email="zhangsan@example.com", # 作者邮箱
    description="这是一个演示包",         # 简短描述（一行）
    long_description=open("README.md").read(),  # 详细描述（从 README 读取）
    long_description_content_type="text/markdown",  # README 格式
    url="https://github.com/zhangsan/mypackage",  # 项目地址
    packages=find_packages(),           # 自动找所有包
    classifiers=[                       # 分类标签
        "Programming Language :: Python :: 3",
        "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.8",
        "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9",
        "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10",
        "License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License",
        "Operating System :: OS Independent",
    ],
    python_requires=">=3.8",            # Python 版本要求
    install_requires=[                  # 运行时依赖
        "requests>=2.25.0",
        "numpy>=1.20.0",
    ],
)

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from setuptools import find_packages

packages = find_packages(exclude=["tests*"])  # 排除 tests 目录

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install_requires=[
    "requests>=2.25.0",      # 大于等于某个版本
    "numpy>=1.20.0,<2.0.0", # 范围限定
    "colorama",              # 不限版本（用已安装的最新版）
]

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extras_require={
    "dev": ["pytest", "black", "flake8"],    # 开发依赖
    "doc": ["sphinx"],                        # 文档依赖
    "gpu": ["cupy-cuda11x"],                  # GPU 支持
}

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pip install mypackage[dev]     # 安装 + 开发依赖
pip install mypackage[gpu]     # 安装 + GPU 支持
pip install mypackage[dev,gpu]  # 全都要

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[build-system]
requires = ["setuptools>=61.0", "wheel"]  # 构建依赖
build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta"   # 使用 setuptools 作为构建后端

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[project]
name = "mypackage"
version = "1.0.0"
description = "这是一个超棒的 Python 包"
readme = "README.md"                          # 详细描述从这里读取
requires-python = ">=3.8"                     # Python 版本要求
license = {text = "MIT"}                       # 许可证
authors = [
    {name = "张三", email = "zhangsan@example.com"}
]
keywords = ["demo", "example", "tutorial"]
classifiers = [
    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3",
    "License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License",
    "Operating System :: OS Independent",
]

dependencies = [
    "requests>=2.25.0",
    "numpy>=1.20.0",
]

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[project.optional-dependencies]
dev = ["pytest", "black", "flake8"]
doc = ["sphinx", "sphinx-rtd-theme"]
gpu = ["cupy-cuda11x"]

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[project.scripts]
myapp = "mypackage.cli:main"          # 安装后：myapp 命令
greet = "mypackage.greet:main"        # 安装后：greet 命令

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# mypackage/cli.py
def main():
    print("Hello from myapp!")

# mypackage/greet.py
def main():
    print("Greetings!")

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[build-system]
requires = ["setuptools>=61.0", "wheel"]
build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta"

[project]
name = "mypackage"
version = "1.0.0"
description = "这是一个超棒的 Python 包"
readme = "README.md"
requires-python = ">=3.8"
license = {text = "MIT"}
authors = [{name = "张三", email = "zhangsan@example.com"}]
keywords = ["demo", "example"]
classifiers = [
    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3",
    "License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License",
    "Operating System :: OS Independent",
]
dependencies = [
    "requests>=2.25.0",
    "numpy>=1.20.0",
]

[project.optional-dependencies]
dev = ["pytest", "black", "flake8"]

[project.scripts]
myapp = "mypackage.cli:main"

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pip install build

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# 进入项目目录
cd myproject

# 清理旧构建
rm -rf dist build *.egg-info

# 构建
python -m build

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pip install twine

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# 上传到 PyPI
twine upload dist/*

# 上传到 Test PyPI（测试用）
twine upload --repository testpypi dist/*

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[pypi]
username = __token__
password = pypi-xxxxxxxxxxxx（你的 token）

[testpypi]
repository = https://test.pypi.org/legacy/
username = __token__
password = pypi-xxxxxxxxxxxx（你的 test token）

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# pyproject.toml 中
version = "1.0.0a1"    # Alpha
version = "1.0.0b2"    # Beta
version = "1.0.0rc3"   # RC
version = "1.0.0"      # 正式版

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# 先注册 Test PyPI 账号（和 PyPI 分开的）
# https://test.pypi.org/account/register/

# 上传
twine upload --repository testpypi dist/*

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# 从 Test PyPI 安装（需要指定 --index-url）
pip install --index-url https://test.pypi.org/simple/ mypackage

# 或者同时保留正常 PyPI 作为备用源
pip install mypackage \
    --index-url https://test.pypi.org/simple/ \
    --trusted-host test.pypi.org

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name: Release

on:
  push:
    tags:
      - 'v*'        # 当推送 v 开头的标签时触发

jobs:
  build-and-publish:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      
      - name: 设置 Python
        uses: actions/setup-python@v5
        with:
          python-version: '3.11'
          
      - name: 安装依赖
        run: |
          python -m pip install --upgrade pip
          pip install build twine
          
      - name: 构建包
        run: python -m build
        
      - name: 发布到 PyPI
        env:
          TWINE_USERNAME: __token__
          TWINE_PASSWORD: ${{ secrets.PYPI_API_TOKEN }}  # 在 GitHub 仓库设置里配置
        run: twine upload dist/*

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git tag v1.0.0
git push origin v1.0.0

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# requirements.txt
requests>=2.25.0
numpy>=1.20.0
pandas>=1.3.0
scikit-learn>=0.24.0
matplotlib>=3.4.0

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pip install -r requirements.txt

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pip freeze > requirements.txt

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pip install poetry-plugin-export
poetry export -o requirements.txt --without-hashes

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poetry export -o requirements.txt --with dev  # 包含开发依赖
poetry export -o requirements.txt --without dev  # 不包含开发依赖

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conda env export > environment.yml

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name: myenv
channels:
  - defaults
  - conda-forge
dependencies:
  - python=3.11
  - numpy=1.24.3
  - pandas=2.0.3
  - pip
  - pip:
    - some-pip-package==1.0.0

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conda env create -f environment.yml

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conda create -n myenv python=3.11 numpy pandas
conda activate myenv