关联和关系

  9 分钟阅读  

原文：https://gobuffalo.io/documentation/database/relations/

Associations and Relationships 关联和关系

Associations are the Pop way to define a relation between two objects in the database. In this chapter, you’ll learn how to define associations using struct tags; and how to manipulate them with the Eager() modifier.

​ 关联是定义数据库中两个对象之间关系的流行方式。在本章中，您将学习如何使用结构体标签定义关联；以及如何使用 Eager() 修饰符操作它们。

Example 示例

 1
 2
 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 8
 9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31

type User struct {
  ID           uuid.UUID
  Email        string
  Password     string
  Books        Books     `has_many:"books" order_by:"title asc"`
  FavoriteSong Song      `has_one:"song" fk_id:"u_id"`
  Houses       Addresses `many_to_many:"users_addresses"`
}

type Book struct {
  ID      uuid.UUID
  Title   string
  Isbn    string
  User    User        `belongs_to:"user"`
  UserID  uuid.UUID
}

type Song struct {
  ID      uuid.UUID
  Title   string
  UserID  uuid.UUID   `db:"u_id"`
}

type Address struct {
  ID           uuid.UUID
  Street       string
  HouseNumber  int
}

type Books []Book
type Addresses []Address

Available Struct Tags 可用的结构体标签

Using the above example code below is a list of available struct tags and how to use them.

​ 使用上面的示例代码，下面列出了可用的结构体标签以及如何使用它们。

  • has_many: This tag is used to describe one-to-many relationships in the database. In the example, User type defines a one-to-many relation with Books slice type through the use of has_many tag, meaning a User can own many Books. When querying to the database, Pop will load all records from the books table that have a column named user_id, or the column specified with fk_id that matches the User.ID value.

    ​ has_many ：此标签用于描述数据库中的一对多关系。在示例中， User 类型通过使用 has_many 标签定义了与 Books 切片类型的一对多关系，这意味着 User 可以拥有许多 Books 。在查询数据库时，Pop 将加载 books 表中所有具有名为 user_id 的列的记录，或使用 fk_id 指定的列，该列与 User.ID 值匹配。

  • belongs_to: This tag is used to describe the owner in the relationship. An owner represents a highly coupled dependency between the model and the target association field where belongs_to tag was defined. This tag is mostly used to indicate that model owns its “existence” to the association field with belongs_to. In the example above, Book type use belongs_to to indicate that it is owned by a User type. When querying to the database, Pop will load a record from the users table with id that matches with Book.UserID value.

    ​ belongs_to ：此标记用于描述关系中的所有者。所有者表示模型与目标关联字段之间的高度耦合依赖关系，其中定义了 belongs_to 标记。此标记主要用于指示模型拥有其与 belongs_to 关联字段的“存在”。在上面的示例中， Book 类型使用 belongs_to 指示它归 User 类型所有。在查询数据库时，Pop 将从 users 表中加载记录，其中 id 与 Book.UserID 值匹配。

  • has_one: This tag is used to describe one-to-one relationships in the database. In the example above, there is only one FavoriteSong within all songs records that User type like the most. When querying to the database, Pop will load a record from the songs table that have a column named user_id, or the column specified with fk_id that matches the User.ID field value.

    ​ has_one ：此标记用于描述数据库中的一对一关系。在上面的示例中，所有歌曲记录中只有一个 FavoriteSong 最喜欢的 User 类型。在查询数据库时，Pop 将从 songs 表中加载一条记录，该记录具有名为 user_id 的列，或使用 fk_id 指定的列，该列与 User.ID 字段值匹配。

  • many_to_many: This tag is used to describe many-to-many relationships in the database. In the example above, the relationship between User type and Addresses slice type exists to indicate an User can own many Houses and a House can be owned by many Users. It is important to notice that value for many_to_many tag is the associative table that connects both sides in the relationship; in the example above this value is defined as users_addresses. When querying to the database, Pop will load all records from the addresses table through the associative table users_addresses. Table users_addresses MUST define address_id and user_id columns to match User.ID and Address.ID field values. You can also define a fk_id tag that will be used in the target association i.e. addresses table.

    ​ many_to_many ：此标记用于描述数据库中的多对多关系。在上面的示例中， User 类型和 Addresses 切片类型之间的关系存在，以指示一个 User 可以拥有许多 Houses ，而一个 House 可以被许多 Users 拥有。请注意， many_to_many 标记的值是连接关系中双方的关联表；在上面的示例中，此值定义为 users_addresses 。在查询数据库时，Pop 将通过关联表 users_addresses 从 addresses 表加载所有记录。表 users_addresses 必须定义 address_id 和 user_id 列以匹配 User.ID 和 Address.ID 字段值。您还可以定义一个 fk_id 标记，该标记将用于目标关联中，即 addresses 表。

  • fk_id: This tag can be used to define the column name in the target association that matches model ID. In the example above, Song has a column named u_id that references the id of the users table. When loading FavoriteSong, u_id column will be used instead of user_id.

    ​ fk_id ：此标记可用于定义目标关联中与模型 ID 匹配的列名。在上面的示例中， Song 有一个名为 u_id 的列，该列引用 users 表的 ID。在加载 FavoriteSong 时，将使用 u_id 列而不是 user_id 。

  • order_by: This tag can be used in combination with has_many and many_to_many tags to indicate the order for the association when loading. The format to use is order_by:"<column_name> <asc | desc>"

    ​ order_by ：此标签可与 has_many 和 many_to_many 标签结合使用，以指示加载时的关联顺序。要使用的格式为 order_by:"<column_name> <asc | desc>"

Loading Associations 加载关联

Pop currently provides two modes for loading associations; each mode will affect the way pop loads associations and queries to the database.

​ Pop 目前提供两种加载关联的模式；每种模式都会影响 pop 加载关联和查询数据库的方式。

Eager. Default mode. By enabling this mode, pop will perform “n” queries for every association defined in the model. This means more hits to the database in order to not affect memory use.

​ Eager。默认模式。通过启用此模式，pop 将对模型中定义的每个关联执行“n”个查询。这意味着更多地访问数据库，以便不影响内存使用。

EagerPreload. Optional mode. By enabling this mode, pop will perform one query for every association defined in the model. This mode will hit the database with a reduced frequency by sacrifing more memory space.

​ EagerPreload。可选模式。通过启用此模式，pop 将对模型中定义的每个关联执行一个查询。此模式将以牺牲更多内存空间为代价，减少访问数据库的频率。

  • pop.SetEagerMode: Pop allows enabling any of these modes globally which will affect ALL queries handle performance. Use EagerDefault or EagerPreload as parameter to activate any of these modes.

    ​ pop.SetEagerMode ：Pop 允许全局启用这些模式中的任何一种，这将影响所有查询处理性能。使用 EagerDefault 或 EagerPreload 作为参数来激活这些模式中的任何一种。

  • tx.EagerPreload | q.EagerPreload: Pop allows developers to take control in which situations they want Pop to perform any of these modes when necessary. This method will activate EagerPreload mode only for the query in action.

    ​ tx.EagerPreload | q.EagerPreload ：Pop 允许开发人员控制在必要时希望 Pop 执行这些模式中的哪一种的情况。此方法仅对正在执行的查询激活 EagerPreload 模式。

  • tx.Eager | q.Eager: Pop allows developers to take control in which situations they want Pop to perform any of these modes when necessary. This method will activate Eager mode only for the query in action.

    ​ tx.Eager | q.Eager ：Pop 允许开发人员控制在必要时希望 Pop 在哪些情况下执行这些模式之一。此方法仅对操作中的查询激活 Eager 模式。

Eager Mode 急切模式

The pop.Connection.Eager() method tells Pop to load the associations for a model once that model is loaded from the database. This mode will perform “n” queries for every association defined in the model.

​ pop.Connection.Eager() 方法告诉 Pop 在从数据库加载模型后立即加载该模型的关联。此模式将对模型中定义的每个关联执行“n”个查询。

 1
 2
 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 8
 9
10
11

for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
  user := User{ID: i + 1}
  tx.Create(&user)
}

for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
  book := Book{UserID: i +1}
  tx.Create(&book)
}
u := Users{}
err := tx.Eager().All(&u)  // loads all associations for every user registered, i.e Books, Houses and FavoriteSong

Eager mode will:

​ Eager 模式将：

  1. Load all users. 加载所有用户。
1

 SELECT * FROM users;
  1. Iterate on every user and load its associations: 迭代每个用户并加载其关联：
 SELECT * FROM books WHERE user_id=1)
 SELECT * FROM books WHERE user_id=2)
 SELECT * FROM books WHERE user_id=3)

EagerPreload Mode EagerPreload 模式

The pop.Connection.EagerPreload() method tells Pop to load the associations for a model once that model is loaded from the database. This mode will hit the database with a reduced frequency by sacrifing more memory space.

​ pop.Connection.EagerPreload() 方法告诉 Pop 在从数据库加载模型后立即加载该模型的关联。此模式将通过牺牲更多内存空间来减少与数据库的交互频率。

 1
 2
 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 8
 9
10
11

for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
  user := User{ID: i + 1}
  tx.Create(&user)
}

for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
  book := Book{UserID: i +1}
  tx.Create(&book)
}
u := Users{}
err := tx.EagerPreload().All(&u)  // loads all associations for every user registered, i.e Books, Houses and FavoriteSong

EagerPreload mode will:

​ EagerPreload 模式将：

  1. Load all users. 加载所有用户。
 SELECT * FROM users;
  1. Load associations for all users in one single query. 在单个查询中加载所有用户的关联。
  SELECT * FROM books WHERE user_id IN (1,2,3))

Load Specific Associations 加载特定关联

By default Eager and EagerPreload will load all the assigned associations for the model. To specify which associations should be loaded you can pass in the names of those fields to the Eager or EagerPreload methods and only those associations will be loaded.

​ 默认情况下， Eager 和 EagerPreload 将加载模型的所有已分配关联。要指定应加载哪些关联，可以将这些字段的名称传递给 Eager 或 EagerPreload 方法，并且只会加载这些关联。

1
2
3

err  = tx.Eager("Books").Where("name = 'Mark'").All(&u) // load only Books association for user with name 'Mark'.
// OR
err  = tx.EagerPreload("Books").Where("name = 'Mark'").All(&u) // load only Books association for user with name 'Mark'.

Pop also allows you to eager load nested associations by using the . character to concatenate them. Take a look at the example below.

​ Pop 还允许您使用 . 字符连接嵌套关联以急切加载它们。请看下面的例子。

 1
 2
 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 8
 9
10
11
12

// will load all Books for u and for every Book will load the user which will be the same as u.
tx.Eager("Books.User").First(&u)
// OR
tx.EagerPreload("Books.User").First(&u)
// will load all Books for u and for every Book will load all Writers and for every writer will load the Book association.
tx.Eager("Books.Writers.Book").First(&u)
// OR
tx.EagerPreload("Books.Writers.Book").First(&u)
// will load all Books for u and for every Book will load all Writers. And Also it will load the favorite song for user.
tx.Eager("Books.Writers").Eager("FavoriteSong").First(&u)
// OR
tx.EagerPreload("Books.Writers").EagerPreload("FavoriteSong").First(&u)

Loading Associations for an Existing Model 加载现有模型的关联

The pop.Connection.Load() method takes a model struct, that has already been populated from the database, and an optional list of associations to load.

​ pop.Connection.Load() 方法采用一个模型结构，该结构已从数据库中填充，以及一个要加载的关联的可选列表。

1
2

tx.Load(&u) // load all associations for user, i.e Books, Houses and FavoriteSong
tx.Load(&u, "Books") // load only the Books associations for user

The Load method will not retrieve the User from the database, only its associations.

​ Load 方法不会从数据库中检索 User ，只会检索其关联。

Flat Nested Creation 扁平嵌套创建

Pop allows you to create the models and their associations with other models in one step by default. You no longer need to create every association separately anymore. Pop will even create join table records for many_to_many associations.

​ 默认情况下，Pop 允许您一步创建模型及其与其他模型的关联。您不再需要分别创建每个关联。Pop 甚至会为 many_to_many 关联创建联接表记录。

Assuming the following pieces of pseudo-code:

​ 假设以下伪代码片段：

 1
 2
 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 8
 9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

book := Book{Title: "Pop Book", Description: "Pop Book", Isbn: "PB1"}
tx.Create(&book)
song := Song{Title: "Don't know the title"}
tx.Create(&song)
addr := Address{HouseNumber: 1, Street: "Golang"}
tx.Create(&addr)

user := User{
  Name: "Mark Bates",
  Books: Books{Book{ID: book.ID}},
  FavoriteSong: song,
  Houses: Addresses{
    addr,
  },
}
err := tx.Create(&user)

  1. It will notice Books is a has_many association and it will realize that to actually update each book it will need to get the User ID first. So, it proceeds to store first User data so it can retrieve an ID and then use that ID to fill UserID field in every Book in Books. It updates all affected books in the database using their IDs to target them.

    ​ 它会注意到 Books 是一个 has_many 关联，并且它会意识到要实际更新每本书，它需要首先获取 User ID 。因此，它会继续首先存储 User 数据，以便它可以检索一个 ID，然后使用该 ID 来填充 UserID 字段中的每个 Book 在 Books 中。它使用它们的 ID s 来定位它们，从而更新数据库中所有受影响的书籍。

  2. FavoriteSong is a has_one association and it uses same logic described in has_many association. Since User data was previously saved before updating all affected books, it already knows that User has got an ID so it fills its UserID field with that value and FavoriteSong is then updated in the database.

    ​ FavoriteSong 是一个 has_one 关联，并且它使用在 has_many 关联中描述的相同逻辑。由于在更新所有受影响的书籍之前已经保存了 User 数据，因此它已经知道 User 已经获得了 ID ，因此它用该值填充其 UserID 字段，然后在数据库中更新 FavoriteSong 。

  3. Houses in this example is a many_to_many relationship and it will have to deal with two tables in this case: users and addresses. Because User was already stored, it already has its ID. It will then use the IDs passed with the Addresses to create the coresponding entries in the join table.

    ​ 本例中的 Houses 是一个 many_to_many 关系，并且在这种情况下它将必须处理两个表： users 和 addresses 。因为 User 已经存储，所以它已经有了它的 ID 。然后，它将使用与 Addresses 一起传递的 ID s 来在联接表中创建相应的条目。

For a belongs_to association like shown in the example below, it fills its UserID field before being saved in the database.

​ 对于如下例所示的 belongs_to 关联，它会在保存到数据库之前填充其 UserID 字段。

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

book := Book{
   Title:      "Pop Book",
   Description: "Pop Book",
   Isbn:        "PB1",
   User: user,
}
tx.Create(&book)

Eager Creation 急切创建

Pop also allows you to create models and embed the creation of their associations in one step as well.

​ Pop 还允许您创建模型并在一个步骤中嵌入其关联的创建。

Assuming the following pieces of pseudo-code:

​ 假设以下伪代码片段：

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

user := User{
  Name: "Mark Bates",
  Books: Books{{Title: "Pop Book", Description: "Pop Book", Isbn: "PB1"}},
  FavoriteSong: Song{Title: "Don't know the title"},
  Houses: Addresses{
    Address{HouseNumber: 1, Street: "Golang"},
  },
}
err := tx.Eager().Create(&user)

  1. It will notice Books is a has_many association and it will realize that to actually store every book it will need to get the User ID first. So, it proceeds to first store/create the User data so it can retrieve an ID and then use that ID to fill the UserID field in every Book in Books. Later it stores all books in the database.

    ​ 它会注意到 Books 是一个 has_many 关联，并且它会意识到要实际存储每本书，它需要先获取 User ID 。因此，它会首先存储/创建 User 数据，以便它可以检索一个 ID，然后使用该 ID 来填充 Books 中的每个 Book 中的 UserID 字段。稍后，它会将所有书籍存储在数据库中。

  2. FavoriteSong is a has_one association and it uses same logic described in the has_many association. Since User data was previously saved before creating all books, it already knows that User has got an ID so it fills its UserID field with that value and FavoriteSong is then stored in the database.

    ​ FavoriteSong 是一个 has_one 关联，并且它使用 has_many 关联中描述的相同逻辑。由于在创建所有书籍之前已经保存了 User 数据，因此它已经知道 User 有一个 ID ，因此它用该值填充其 UserID 字段，然后将 FavoriteSong 存储在数据库中。

  3. Houses in this example is a many_to_many relationship and it will have to deal with two tables, in this case: users and addresses. It will need to store all addresses first in the addresses table before saving them in the many to many(join) table. Because User was already stored, it already has an ID. * This is a special case to deal with, since this behavior is different from all other associations, it is solved by implementing the AssociationCreatableStatement interface, all other associations by default implement the AssociationCreatable interface.

    ​ Houses 在此示例中是一个 many_to_many 关系，它将处理两个表，在本例中为： users 和 addresses 。它需要先将所有地址存储在 addresses 表中，然后再将它们保存在多对多（联接）表中。因为 User 已存储，所以它已具有 ID 。* 这是一个需要处理的特殊情况，因为此行为与所有其他关联不同，通过实现 AssociationCreatableStatement 接口来解决，默认情况下所有其他关联都实现 AssociationCreatable 接口。

For a belongs_to association like shown in the example below, it will need to first create the User to retrieve its ID value and then fill its UserID field before being saved in the database.

​ 对于如下例所示的 belongs_to 关联，它需要首先创建 User 以检索其 ID 值，然后在将其保存在数据库中之前填充其 UserID 字段。

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

book := Book{
   Title:      "Pop Book",
   Description: "Pop Book",
   Isbn:        "PB1",
   User: User{
        Name: nulls.NewString("Larry"),
   },
}
tx.Eager().Create(&book)

In the case where you feed the eager create with associated models that already exist, it will, instead of creating duplicates of them or updating the contents of them, simply create/update the associations with them.

​ 在您使用已存在的关联模型提供急切创建的情况下，它不会创建它们的副本或更新它们的内容，而是简单地创建/更新与它们的关联。

Next Steps 后续步骤

最后修改 October 10, 2024: 更新 (a4b8f85)